Mapping the Palenque Pools

Archaeologists have long understood the importance of space in archaeological research. Beginning with John Lloyd Stephens and Fredrick Catherwood’s first foray into the jungles of Mesoamerica in the mid-nineteenth century, explorers and archaeologists alike have put a considerable amount of effort into mapping the monumental architecture of Maya sites. Specifically, archaeological inquiry has been focused on visualization, data management, and spatial analyses of monumental architecture as well as hinterland Maya households. Spatial data can include formal attributes concerning size and shape of archaeological features (e.g., artifacts, units, sites, regions, etc.), as well as their morphology. Consideration of spatial scales is also important for understanding how people built, modified, and lived in their environment in the past. Scale includes the extent and duration of archaeological phenomena: individual behavior taking place over short intervals of time in a small space; settlement processes including annual or seasonal rounds; and ecological processes that occur over large regions or long periods of time. The challenge for archaeologists is to infer processes from spatial patterning.

With the development of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in the 1990’s, many archaeologists began to incorporate GIS into their archaeological toolkit in recognition of its ability to organize complex sets of spatial data. Maya archaeologists have been especially active in mapping large site centers and their hinterland populations. Detailed mapping projects have been carried out at Palenque under the auspices of the Palenque Mapping Project (1998-2000), as well as at the sites of La Milpa and Copan, to name a few.

The Palenque Pool Project team has focused our efforts on detailed mapping of the Pictoa Group, adding features uncovered during the 2014 field season to the larger site map produced by the Palenque Mapping Project. We used a Leica Total station to record the location of architectural features at the site.

Project member Reed Goodman using the total station to map architecture in the Picota Group. 

During excavations this season, we have defined the extent of one of the pools in the group, located two drain features on the west side of the pool, and found a series of 9 steps that lead into the pool also on the west side. All of these features have been added to the map in order to understand the spatial layout of the pool. We have also mapped two additional pools to the north and south in more detail. As archaeological investigations continue in the Picota Group, new features can be added to the map in order to understand how the ancient Maya used the pools. 

Map of the Picota Group with location of pools.

Close up of pool investigated this year as part of the Paleque Pool Project.

Sunday Drive to Bonampak & Yaxchilan

After a relaxing Saturday free of any plans, the team decided to take a day trip to two nearby Maya sites: Bonampak and Yaxchilan. An advantage of being in the heartland of Maya territory is the accessibility of many magnificent ruins in the area. Sometimes the journey can be a tad dicey, as we quickly learned on our trip, but it is certainly worth the trouble once you walk into these ancient centers.

Throughout our time here in Mexico we have experienced an endless number of topes (speed bumps), which team member Emily loves to point out quite audibly each time we approach one. Had she done the same for this trip, it is certain she would have no voice by the time we would reach Bonampak due to their frequency along this road. As you drive through the tiny towns that are scattered along Route 186, there is a tope just about every time you had enough time to reach 30 miles per hour.

Our first destination was Bonampak, a site that dates back to the Early Classic period (AD 580). This center is most famous for its illustrious murals, which were painted in AD 790 and are located in three separate chambers midway up the main hill. The fresco-style murals depict, in intricate detail, a robing ceremony in the first room, a war scene in the second and ritual bloodletting in the last one.

However, in order to see these famous murals we had to jump through a few hoops. As we neared Bonampak, we were flagged down by a group of Lacandon Maya who informed us we could not take our car the whole way to the site and had to ride in one of their taxis. So the team piled into a couple of cars and started on the gravel road, only to be met by a traffic jam in the middle of the jungle. In front of the line of about fifteen halted cars was a group of men trying to cut and move a massive tree that had fallen on the road during the torrential downpours that ravaged the area the past twenty-four hours.

Kirk helps a group of Lacandon Maya move a tree from the road.

Once we were finally able to reach the site, we were surprised at the compact size of the site. Bonampak makes Palenque, a site that is not known for being very large, seem absolutely massive. There are no separate groups of architecture, as is seen at most other Maya sites. Instead, there are a few stelae displayed at the base of a large staircase that leads you up to the Temple of the Murals. The vibrant color of the murals, which are dated to AD 790, is the most impressive part. It is stunning that the rich blues, reds and yellows have survived more than 1,200 years and are able to be viewed by visitors in 2014.

A portion of the mural in Room 1.

The second leg of our adventure brought us to the banks of the Usumacinta River, a portion of the border between Mexico and Guatemala. Tucked away in the jungle that lines the violently flowing river is Yaxchilan, a powerful Classic Maya center which experienced its height around AD 650. This site is home to more than 120 structures and large number of remarkable stelae.

Getting to Yaxchilan is also no easy task. After rumbling down a torn up road and paying numerous tolls just to get to the town of Frontera Corozal, you must take a half-hour boat ride down the Usumacinta to reach the site. The unique feature associated with this site is its careful layering as the elevation increases. At the base of the hills is the Gran Plaza, where many of these stelae and structures stand. As we walked up a seemingly infinite amount of stairs, we found ourselves in the Gran Acrópolis overlooking the plaza from the spectacular Structure 33.

The P3 team riding down the Usumacinta on the way to Yaxchilan.

Just when we thought that was the highest elevation we would experience, our team leader Kirk French took us to another steep path going higher into the hills. Suddenly emerging from the dense trees was the Templos del Sur, which hold a breathtaking view of the site. At this point we had just a half-hour left until our return boat arrived, so on the way out we stopped by the final part of the site: the Pequeña Acrópolis. Once back at the car, we set off on trek back to Palenque. Due to the cumbersome nature of the roads, the 80 miles that separate these two locations take about three hours to complete.

Structure 33 at Yaxchilan.

As a team we have determined that here in Mexico, there are no plans. You can only have vague goals that need to be accomplished someway, somehow. There are always going to be bumps in the road (sometimes quite literally), and you must learn to roll with the punches and stay focused on that objective. We did not expect many of the challenges we faced along our voyage, but it was all worth it in the end when we encountered the shear beauty and grandeur of Bonampak and Yaxchilan.

We Can't Do It Without Them

Much of our effort over the last week was put toward removing the large stones from inside the pool. Most of the stones are from the collapsed terraces that surround the pool on its south, west, and north sides. Many of these stones are manageable in size, ranging from 25-120 lb.. Then there are the stones that would make most people (i.e. tenderfoot academics) either 1) build a road through the jungle in order to drive in an industrial hydraulic crane, or 2) just give up all together. But seriously, these stones have to be removed if proper consolidation of the feature is to take place. This requires lifting these monoliths from underwater, up about 4 meters, and then placed safely on the plaza floor…a total distance of about 10 meters.  So who ya gonna call? The Tzeltal Maya from Naranjo of course!

Hey, if you are in the mood for a dose of emasculation just spend a few hours watching these guys work. It’s the complete opposite of, let’s say, a trip to Walmart, which tends to provide a little self-image boost. After about 15 minutes you walk out of there thinking, “Hell, I’m not doing so bad after all.” This is not how you feel after watching the Maya move mountains for a day. You walk back to your field truck mumbling, “Am I a man, am I a boy, am I even human?”

Jesus getting loaded up with a large cut stone from the pool's floor.

From left to right - Jesus, Nicolas, Andreas, and Eduardo moving stones from the pool's interior.

Some of the workmen only weigh about 140 lb.. but can easily carry a 200 lb. stone on their back while walking out of the water and up a broken staircase in rubber boots that are filled with water! A few of the stones in the pool were upwards of 500 pounds. They asked for a pulley, some rope, and two more workers (four in all). It took all of us, the four workers and us four gringos (which by the way is the equivalent of five Maya workers), but we did it (see photo)!

All eight (or five) of us pulling a 350 pound stone from the pool using a rope and pulley.

Now I know for some readers, this is nothing new. You may have spent time in another country and witnessed something similar. I too have seen this before.  But I’ll tell you what, it will never cease to blow my mind.

Our first attempt to take the pump to the Picota Group.

Here’s another example. The water pump only weighs about 90 lb.. but it’s a bit awkward. Before I hired any workmen we tried using a small cart to carry the pump to the site (see photo). That proved too difficult, plus everyone was looking at us like we were crazy. I wonder why (see photo again)? The next time the pump went out with us Kirk Straight grabbed one side and Reed grabbed the other. This was much more practical, but the 1 km hike on a narrow trail did take it’s toll on them. This past Thursday I decided to take the pump to the site one more time. Although I knew it would not dewater the pool, I wanted to see how it would help with removing light sediment. It didn’t by the way. At 7:30am Andreas and Eduardo met us in the parking lot, like they do everyday, to help us carry equipment (buckets, shovels, etc.). I explained to them that we have a new piece of equipment, so while they carry the pump, we will take all the other stuff. At that moment, Andreas grabs the pump with one hand and lifts it onto his shoulders, positions it on the back of his neck and just starts walking. Immediately I thought that many years ago I must have been the victim of some sort of alien abduction involving castration followed by reconstructive surgery. What is going on here? We all looked at each other in disbelief. Oh, and when we got to the pool, Andreas sat the pump down gently and didn’t show a single sign of distress. I on the other hand I was soaked with sweat from carrying a machete and two liters of water.

Archaeologists throughout much of the world could not carry out their research without the brawn and ingenuity of local workers. The Tzeltal Maya that live in the Palenque area have been the backbone (literally) of every archaeological project that has taken place here since Patrick Walker and John Herbert Caddy arrived in late January of 1840. We owe them so much more than the meager wages our projects provide. I raise a glass of pox (or whatever the local drink is) to the workers around the globe who make archaeology happen.  We couldn’t do it without you.

A shot of pox from Chamula, a Maya community on the outskirts of San Cristobal. I bought a three liter gas can of it across the street from the ceremonial pool in Chamula. Salud!

Week 1 Recap

Water, water, every where,

And all the boards did shrink;

Water, water, every where,

Nor any drop to drink.

-- from The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, by Samuel Taylor Coleridge

            A first principle of archaeology is that research designs can and will change. Despite preparations for a dry excavation, including the use of a gas powered bilge pump, we've found ourselves waist deep in Palenqueño water, what it means to be from Maine, Chiapas. Our PI, Kirk French, quickly realized that the ancient pool was built into bedrock, its limestone basin dipping beneath the water table. When the pool's depth leveled off soon into draining, the team was quickly disabused of illusions for neatly defined strata (goodbye, Harris matrix), and was encouraged to look for creative solutions. We decided that the best possible approach involved the feature's division into neatly defined sections, with wet screening of removed sediment for artifact recovery. This required that we shift gears from more traditional dry land archaeology, to a type of underwater work (well half underwater, anyway). And this is most welcomed: shaded by dense jungle and cooled with spring water, the change in methods has offered a welcome respite from unrelenting humidity in the tropical environment).

Kirk French, attempting to get a better view

            Between donning bathing suits and transporting frogs from one water source to another (more on that in another post), the excavation has proved to be unique in every way, with each moment presenting a new learning experience. To begin with, we knew from earlier studies that the ancient Maya of Palenque were ingenious hydrological engineers. Since the beginnings of habitation, water was an abundant resource, even in excess at certain times of the year. This ecological fact surely played into the site's ancient name, Lakamha,' or "Big Water." And as a result, the Palenqueños had to devise a means to control runoff during the rainy season, diverting streams into underground aqueducts that ran beneath plaza floors, thereby practicing flood control and, significantly, expanding inhabitable space (on what was then, and remains today, a relatively restricted escarpment).

            The exact timing and degree of Palenque's waterworks, however, remain poorly understood, though our work is already shedding light in this important area of research.  We have located a monumental staircase on the eastern side of the feature, leading down into the pool. Its stones are monolithic, single-coursed blocks, some of which remain in excellent condition. An impressive wall, fashioned with at least some terracing, faces the southern side of the pool, though it's still too early to speak to its original design. Overall, the structure required a much greater degree of engineering and planning than we originally envisioned. 

Kirk Straight, project ceramicist, drawing the staircase

            To back up a bit, our feature, located in the Picota Group, is recharged from the stream of the Arroyo Picota, and sits astride an ancient aqueduct. That aqueduct remains largely intact, continuing to channel water beneath an early plaza floor, just to the southeast of the pool. These architectural phenomena are just over a kilometer from polity center, forcing the observer to reconsider notions of a centralized site plan. In addition, the pool is within meters of Palenque's only known stela, a type of stone monument presumed to be associated with kingship. The seeming monumentality of the pool, made apparent with little more than a week's worth of work, and its location in and articulation with other features from the Picota Group, clearly signals an important role of water ritual and technology for early Palenque.

Stela in the Picota Group, just beyond the pool (photo taken by author)

Weekend Trip to Ocosingo and Tonina

Over the past few days we’ve experienced unprecedented amounts of rain for this time of year. Coupled with cooler temperatures, this cold/wet weather has made for a few slow days around the house. Yesterday we decided to combat the cabin fever by visiting the town of Ocosingo and the site of Toniná, a Maya site about two hours from where we’re staying.

Though long and winding, the drive was pleasant and the views of the surrounding landscape exceptional, especially as we climbed higher in altitude into the Chiapas highlands. The road between Ocosingo and Palenque is dotted with the rural villages of modern Maya, and we saw many of them planting corn and weeding their milpas as we drove past. This area of the Chiapas highlands is the heartland of the Zapatista National Liberation Army (EZLN), a largely indigenous peasant-based leftist group seeking indigenous control over local resources, especially land. The Maya communities of Chiapas live in impoverished conditions and are largely excluded from modern development, with over 90% of indigenous households without electricity and running water. In response to historically poor living conditions and economic disenfranchisement, the EZLN staged a rebellion from their base San Cristobal de Las Casas, Chiapas on January 1, 1994. Since then, insurgency has developed into a powerful political movement that advocates for Mexico’s disenfranchised indigenous groups. Many of the Maya villages we passed along the road from Palenque to Ocosingo displayed signs and murals in support of the EZLN and their political objectives.

A horse grazing outside of Tonina, overlooking the Ocosingo Valley. 

After a two hour drive, we arrived in Ocosingo, and took a brief stroll around the zocalo (town square) before sitting down to lunch. After lunch, we moseyed over to the Toniná Archaeological Park to tour the ruins and visit the museum on site. Toniná is a medium sized Classic Period site located in the Ocosingo Valley, about 40 miles south of Palenque. The monumental site center of Toniná was established during the Early Classic, though early components of the site are not well known. Toniná bears the last long count date in the Maya lowlands – AD 909 – marking the “collapse” of political institutions centered upon the kuhul ajaw, or divine kings.

The presence of the EZLN influence marked with a sign, with Tonina in the background.

Emily makes a new friend on the way to the ruins.

Toniná is best known as a militaristic polity, evident in its art, inscriptions, and architecture. Images of bound captives are shown on many of their carved and sculpted monuments, including one of the only Maya depictions of a female captive. While Toniná apparently feuded with several Maya kingdoms, its greatest foe was Palenque. Many of the glyphic texts at the site detail sporadic warfare events between the two sites over hundreds of years in the Late Classic Period. At the end of the 7^th century, inscriptions at Toniná hint at the greater strength of Palenque. For instance, Ruler 2 of Toniná disappears from written records in AD 687 after a conflict with Palenque. Toniná later became the dominant center when it captured several vassals of Palenque in AD 699. Ballcourt 1 at Toniná shows the six sculpted prisoners with their hands bound and heads lowered. In the 8^th century, Toniná successfully launched a “star war” against Palenque, and in AD 711 the Toniná ruler B’aaknal Chaak entered the Palenque site core and sized its ruler K’an Joy Chitam, leaving a 10 year gap in Palenque’s dynastic history. Toniná remained the dominant site in the region in the Terminal Classic Period.

Tenon heads at Tonina Ballcourt 1.

Stela depicting the 6th century ruler Jaguar Bird Peccary.

Toniná is also well known for its elaborate sculpted friezes. The Frieze of the Dream Lords, shown below, depicts the parallel universe of the wayob’, where the alter egos of the Maya nobility lived. The skeletal figure depicted in the frieze is called “Turtle Foot Death’ because he wears turtle shells on his feet. Decapitated heads, jaguars, and other fantastic images are also evident in the frieze.

Frieze of the Dream Lords, left panel, showing "Turtle Foot Death" in the center.

 One of the features at Toniná we (Claire and Emily) most enjoyed was the carving of an Earth Monster near the top of the Toniná complex. Though part of the sculpture is missing, it is still possible to see the monster opening its mouth and the scorched insides where fires were most likely lit. It’s easy to imagine how imposing this monument would have looked when a fire was roaring inside of its mouth.

Altar of the Earth Monster, showing a fanged serpent with a stone ball in his mouth.

View of the Ocosingo Valley from the top of the Tonina main temple.